“Uninzi lwezityalo zepellet zincinci kwaye zinomthamo ophakathi ngonyaka oziitoni ezingama-9 000. Emva kweengxaki zokunqongophala kwepellet ngo-2013 xa kuphela malunga neetoni ezingama-29 000 zaveliswayo, icandelo libonise ukukhula okubonakalayo ukuya kufikelela kwiitoni ezingama-88 000 ngo-2016 kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba liya kufikelela ubuncinane kwiitoni ezingama-290 000 ngo-2021″

I-Chile ifumana iipesenti ezingama-23 zamandla ayo aphambili kwi-biomass. Oku kuquka iinkuni zokubasa, isibaso esisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizifudumezi zasekhaya kodwa sikwanxulunyaniswa nongcoliseko lomoya wendawo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, itekhnoloji entsha kunye namafutha e-biomass acocekileyo kunye asebenzayo ngakumbi, afana neepellets, ahamba phambili ngesantya esihle. UGqr Laura Azocar, umphandi kwiYunivesithi yaseLa Frontera, unikezela ingqiqo malunga nomxholo kunye nemeko yangoku yeemarike kunye nobuchwepheshe obunxulumene nokuveliswa kweepellet eChile.

NGOKUTSHO KUKADR AZOCAR, ukusetyenziswa kweenkuni njengowona mthombo wamandla ophambili luphawu oluthile lwaseChile. Oku kuhambelana nezithethe kunye nenkcubeko yaseChile, ukongeza kubuninzi behlathi le-biomass, ixabiso eliphezulu lamafutha e-fossil, kunye nobusika obubandayo kunye nemvula kwindawo esembindini-esemazantsi.

Ilizwe lamahlathi

Ukulungisa le ngxelo, kufanele kukhankanywe ukuba ngoku iChile ineehektare ezizizigidi ezili-17.5 (iihektare) zehlathi: i-82 ekhulwini yamahlathi endalo, i-17 ekhulwini yamasimi (ngokukodwa imithi yompayini ne-eucalyptus) kunye nesi-1 ekhulwini semveliso exutyiweyo.

Oku kuthetha ukuba ngaphandle kokukhula okukhawulezayo okufunyanwa lilizwe, ngengeniso ekhoyo ngoku ngomntu ngamnye eyi-US$21 000 ngonyaka kunye neminyaka ekulindeleke ukuba iphile iminyaka engama-80, ihleli iphuhliswe ngokwaneleyo ngokweenkqubo zokufudumeza ikhaya.

Ngapha koko, kumandla ewonke asetyenziselwe ukufudumeza, iipesenti ezingama-81 zivela kwiinkuni, okuthetha ukuba malunga ne-1.7 yezigidi zamakhaya eChile asebenzisa la mafutha ngoku, afikelela kusetyenziso lonyaka olungaphezulu kwe-11.7 yezigidi zemitha yeenkuni.

Ezinye iindlela ezisebenzayo

Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kweenkuni kukwanxulunyaniswa nongcoliseko lomoya eChile. Iipesenti ezingama-56 zabemi, oko kukuthi, kufutshane ne-10 lezigidi zabantu basesichengeni kugxininiso lonyaka lwe-20 mg ngem³ yezinto eziphathekayo (PM) ngaphantsi kwe-2.5 pm (PM2.5).

Phantse isiqingatha sale PM2.5 sibangelwa kukutsha kweenkuni/Oku kungenxa yezinto ezininzi ezifana neenkuni ezomisiweyo kakubi, ukusebenza kakuhle kwesitovu esisezantsi kunye nokugqunyelelwa kakubi kwezindlu. Ukongeza, nangona ukutshiswa kweenkuni kuthathwa njenge-carbon dioxide (C02) engathathi hlangothi, ukusebenza okuphantsi kwezitovu kubonise ukukhutshwa kwe-C02 okulinganayo nokukhutshwa yi-kerosene kunye nezitovu zegesi ezinyibilikisiweyo.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukunyuka kwamanqanaba emfundo eChile kubangele uluntu oluxhotyiswe ngakumbi oluye lwaqala ukubonakalisa iimfuno ezinxulumene nokugcinwa kwelifa lemveli kunye nokunyamekela kokusingqongileyo.

Kunye noku kungasentla, uphuhliso olucacileyo lophando kunye nokuveliswa koluntu oluphucukileyo luye lwavumela ilizwe ukuba lijongane nale mingeni ngokukhangelwa kobuchwepheshe obutsha kunye namafutha amatsha ajongana nesidingo esikhoyo sokufudumeza ikhaya. Enye yezi ndlela iye yavelisa iipellets.

Ukucima isitovu

Umdla wokusetyenziswa kweepellets eChile waqalwa malunga no-2009 ngelo xesha ukungenisa izitovu zepellet kunye neebhoyila ezivela eYurophu zaqala. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso eliphezulu lokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe libonakalise ukuba ngumceli mngeni kwaye ukuthathwa kwayo bekucotha.

Ukwazisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo, uMphathiswa wezokusiNgqongileyo usungule inkqubo yokutshintsha isitovu kunye nebhoyila ngo-2012 kumacandelo okuhlala kunye nelemizi-mveliso, Ngenxa yale nkqubo yokutshintsha, ngaphezu kwama-4 000 eeyunithi ezifakwe ngo-2012, inani eliye laphindaphindeka kathathu ukudityaniswa kwabavelisi bezixhobo zengingqi.

Isiqingatha sezitovu kunye neebhoyila zifumaneka kwicandelo lokuhlala, ipesenti ezingama-28 kumaziko karhulumente kwaye malunga neepesenti ezingama-22 kwicandelo lezoshishino.

Hayi kuphela iiplanga zokhuni

Iipellets eChile ziveliswa ikakhulu kwi-radiata pine (Pinus radiata), uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lokutyala. Kwi-2017, kwakukho izityalo ze-32 ze-pellet ezinobungakanani obuhlukeneyo obusasazwa kwiindawo eziMbindi kunye nezaseMzantsi zelizwe.

- Uninzi lwezityalo zepellet zincinci kwaye zinomthamo ophakathi ngonyaka omalunga ne-9 000 yeetoni. Emva kweengxaki zokunqongophala kwepellet ngo-2013 xa kuphela malunga ne-29 000 yeetoni zaveliswa, icandelo libonise ukukhula okubonakalayo okuya kufikelela kwiitoni ezingama-88 000 ngo-2016 kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba ifikelele kwiitoni ze-190 000 ubuncinane ngo-2020, utshilo uGqr Azocar.

Ngaphandle kobuninzi behlathi le-biomass, olu luntu lutsha lwaseChile “luzinzileyo” luvelise umdla koosomashishini kunye nabaphandi ekufuneni ezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo zokuvelisa izibaso ze-biomass ezixineneyo. Kukho amaZiko oPhando eSizwe kunye neeYunivesithi eziphuhlise uphando kule ndawo.

KwiYunivesithi yaseLa Frontera, iZiko loLawulo lweNkunkuma kunye neBioenergy, elikwi-BIOREN Scientific Nucleus kwaye lidibene neSebe lobuNjineli beMichiza, liphuhlise indlela yokuhlola ukuchongwa kwemithombo ye-biomass yendawo kunye namandla anamandla.

Ikhatshu lehazelnut kunye nomququ wengqolowa

Uphononongo luchonge i-hazelnut husk njengebhayomass eneempawu ezingcono zokutshiswa. Ukongeza, umququ wengqolowa ubalasele ngokufumaneka kwawo okuphezulu kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo eziveliswa sisiqhelo sokutshiswa kweendiza neendiza. Ingqolowa sesona sityalo sibalulekileyo eChile, esilinywa malunga neehektare ezingama-286 000 kwaye ivelisa malunga ne-1.8 yezigidi zeetoni zeendiza ngonyaka.

Kwimeko ye-hazelnut husks, nangona le biomass inokutsha ngokuthe ngqo, uphando lugxininise ekusebenziseni ukuveliswa kweepellet. Isizathu sijongene nomngeni wokuvelisa amafutha e-biomass aqinileyo alungelelanisa ubunyani bendawo, apho imigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu ikhokelele ekutshintshweni kwezitovu zokhuni ngezitovu zepellet, ukujongana neengxaki zongcoliseko lomoya wendawo.

Iziphumo ziye zakhuthaza, iziphumo zokuqala zibonisa ukuba ezi pellets ziya kuhambelana neparameters ezisekelwe kwiipellets zemvelaphi yemithi ngokwe-ISO 17225-1 (2014).

Kwimeko yeendiza zengqolowa, iimvavanyo ze-torrefaction zenziwe ukuze kuphuculwe ezinye iimpawu zale biomass ezifana nobukhulu obungaqhelekanga, ubuninzi obuphantsi kunye nexabiso le-calorific ephantsi, phakathi kwezinye.

I-Torrefaction, inkqubo yobushushu eyenziwa kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi phantsi kwemekobume engasebenziyo, yalungiselelwa ngokukodwa le ntsalela yezolimo. Iziphumo zokuqala zibonisa ukunyuka okubalulekileyo kwamandla agciniweyo kunye nexabiso le-calorific kwiimeko zokusebenza eziphakathi ngaphantsi kwe-150℃.

I-pellet ebizwa ngokuba yi-black pellet eveliswe kwi-pilot scale kunye nale biomass ene-torrefied ibonakaliswe ngokomgangatho waseYurophu we-ISO 17225-1 (2014). Iziphumo zibe zintle, zifikelele ekonyukeni koxinzelelo olubonakalayo ukusuka kuma-469 kg ngem³ ukuya kuma-568 kg ngem³ ngenxa yenkqubo yonyango lwangaphambili.

Imingeni elindileyo ijolise ekufumaneni itekhnoloji yokunciphisa umxholo we-microelements kwi-pellets ye-wwheat straw pellets ukuze kuphunyezwe imveliso enokungena kwimarike yelizwe, inceda ukulwa neengxaki zokusingqongileyo ezichaphazela ilizwe.